How much status damage (like bleed) do I need to deal to proc the effect (i.e. blood loss)?

You have to surpass the Resistance in order to proc the status effect.

For instance, in your example you need to reach 370 in the bleed gauge to suffer bloodloss.

The effect of status effect is fixed by the stats and weapon used.

Status effect's damage can be flat, a % of max hp or both. They can depend on the weapon used and stats of the player which procced the status or buffs. But the receiver has no way to modify the damage.

More info on status damage can be found here

The Armor column represent how much Resistance you gain from equipped pieces of armor.

You can ignore it.

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Following your example, 9 hits are required to proc bloodloss. Remember that the gauge falls over time, so you may require more hits to actually proc the status.

According to https://steamcommunity.com/app/374320/discussions/0/1744515852428265796/, your Bleed Armor is just how much Bleed Resistance you get from your equipped armor. The only number that matters for determining how much Bleed damage you need to take is the Bleed Resistance.