How to check if C++ compiler uses IEEE 754 floating point standard

Actually you have an easier way to achieve this in C++. From the C++ standard 18.2.1.1 the class numeric_limits exists within std. In order to access said static member you simply do this:

std::numeric_limits<double>::is_iec559;

Or:

std::numeric_limits<float>::is_iec559;

Which should return true if IEEE 754 is in use, false otherwise.

As an alternative method, the second part of Adam's answer should do it also for C++.