How to compare a string with a python enum?

A better practice is to inherit Signal from str:

class Signal(str, Enum):
    red = 'red'
    green = 'green'
    orange = 'orange'

brain_detected_colour = 'red'
brain_detected_colour == Signal.red  # direct comparison

One does not create an instance of an Enum. The Signal(foo) syntax is used to access Enum members by value, which are not intended to be used when they are auto().

However one can use a string to access Enum members like one would access a value in a dict, using square brackets:

Signal[brain_detected_colour] is Signal.red

Another possibility would be to compare the string to the name of an Enum member:

# Bad practice:
brain_detected_colour is Signal.red.name

But here, we are not testing identity between Enum members, but comparing strings, so it is better practice to use an equality test:

# Better practice:
brain_detected_colour == Signal.red.name

(The identity comparison between strings worked thanks to string interning, which is better not to be relied upon. Thanks @mwchase and @Chris_Rands for making me aware of that.)

Yet another possibility would be to explicitly set the member values as their names when creating the Enum:

class Signal(Enum):
    red = "red"
    green = "green"
    orange = "orange"

(See this answer for a method to have this automated.)

Then, Signal(brain_detected_colour) is Signal.red would be valid.