How to configure the socket for opendkim on Debian Testing/Stretch
You are configuring it correctly, but this is an open bug with Debian Stretch where it ignores configuration:
See: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=864162
Editing a systemd unit isn't a best practice of course. Here is how we should go:
sudo systemctl edit opendkim
and insert:
[Service]
ExecStart=
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/opendkim -P /var/run/opendkim/opendkim.pid -p local:/var/spool/postfix/opendkim/opendkim.sock
(note the double ExecStart - this is not a typo)