How to do algebra on unevaluated integrals?

Similar idea to belisarius, except in V10 we can inactivate Integrate to keep it from evaluating or even trying to evaluate:

h = Inactive[Integrate][g, {x, -Infinity, Infinity}]

It is not necessary in this example, as belisarius' answer shows, but one of its intended uses is to do algebra/calculus on integrals and derivatives. Inactive can be removed easily with

Activate[h]

The function linearExpand expands its argument according to linearity properties. Factors/terms that do not depend on x are treated as constants (see update below for a more general approach).

Clear[linearExpand];
linearExpand[e_] := e //. {int : Inactive[Integrate][_Plus, _] :> Distribute[int], 
    Inactive[Integrate][integrand_Times, dom : {x_, _, _} | x_] :> 
     With[{dependencies = Internal`DependsOnQ[#, x] & /@ List @@ integrand},
      Pick[integrand, dependencies, False] *
       Inactive[Integrate][Pick[integrand, dependencies, True], dom]
      ]};

OP's sample problem:

Solve[D[h, #] == 0 & /@ cs // linearExpand, cs]

D[h, #] == 0 & /@ cs // linearExpand

---

For what it's worth...

...here's a general linearity expander. Considers factors that do not depend on x, which may be a list of symbols, as constants.

linearExpand[e_, x_, head_] := 
  e //. {op : head[arg_Plus, __] :> Distribute[op], 
    head[arg1_Times, rest__] :> 
     With[{dependencies = Internal`DependsOnQ[#, x] & /@ List @@ arg1},
      Pick[arg1, dependencies, False] head[
        Pick[arg1, dependencies, True], rest]
      ]};

Examples:

linearExpand[D[h, #] == 0 & /@ cs, x, Inactive[Integrate]]
(* same as above *)

linearExpand[foo[(a[x] + c b[y]) (2 a[x] - c b[y]) // Expand, randomarg], x, foo]
(*  -c^2 b[y]^2 foo[1, randomarg] +
     c b[y] foo[a[x], randomarg] + 
     2 foo[a[x]^2, randomarg]        *)

linearExpand[foo[(a[x] + c b[y]) (2 a[x] - c b[y]) // Expand, randomarg], {x, y}, foo]
(*  2 foo[a[x]^2, randomarg] +
    c foo[a[x] b[y], randomarg] - 
    c^2 foo[b[y]^2, randomarg]     *)

f = a[x] + c1*b[x] + c2*c[x];
g = Expand[f*f];

(* we need to get the constants out of the integrals first*)

h = Distribute@Integrate[g, {x, -∞, ∞}] //. Integrate[q1___  r__  q2___, {v_, s__}] /; 
                                        FreeQ[{r}, v] :> r Integrate[q1 q2, {v, s}];

s= Solve[And @@ Thread[D[h, #] & /@ {c1, c2} == 0], {c1, c2}]

(* now we go to bra-ket notation *)

bkRulez = {Integrate[a_ [x] b_[x], {x, -∞, ∞}]     ->   AngleBracket[a, b], 
           Integrate[Power[a_ [x], 2], {x, -∞, ∞}] ->   AngleBracket[a, a]}
Column @@ (s /. bkRulez) // TeXForm

$$\begin{array}{l} \text{c1}\to -\frac{\langle a,c\rangle \langle b,c\rangle -\langle c,c\rangle \langle a,b\rangle }{\langle b,c\rangle ^2-\langle b,b\rangle \langle c,c\rangle } \\ \text{c2}\to -\frac{\langle b,b\rangle \langle a,c\rangle -\langle a,b\rangle \langle b,c\rangle }{\langle b,b\rangle \langle c,c\rangle -\langle b,c\rangle ^2} \\ \end{array}$$