How to do argument validation of F# records

You have to use the class definition syntax:

type coords(x: float, y: float) =
  do
    if x < 0.0 then
      invalidArg "x" "Cannot be negative"
    if y < 0.0 then
      invalidArg "y" "Cannot be negative"

  member this.X =
    x
  member this.Y =
    y

You can make the implementation private. You still get structural equality but you lose direct field access and pattern matching. You can restore that ability using active patterns.

//file1.fs

type Coords = 
  private { 
    X: float
    Y: float 
  }

[<CompilationRepresentation(CompilationRepresentationFlags.ModuleSuffix)>]
module Coords =
  ///The ONLY way to create Coords
  let create x y =
    check x
    check y
    {X=x; Y=y}

  let (|Coords|) {X=x; Y=y} = (x, y)

//file2.fs

open Coords
let coords = create 1.0 1.0
let (Coords(x, y)) = coords
printfn "%f, %f" x y

There's a series called Designing with Types on F# for fun and profit. In section "Forcing use of the constructor" it recommends the use of constructor functions - that's where the validations go before the type is instantiated. To keep people from directly instantiating types it recommends either naming conventions or signature files.

You can find several more relevant articles and examples by googling "domain driven design f#".

Note that I'm coming from C# / not having applied F# to our domain layer (yet ;) I cannot really tell how either of the recommended methods would work out in a bigger project. Some things sure seem.. different in this brave new world.

Daniel's answer seems to be the closest to the "FP" approach, but one disadvantage is that we lose the ability to utilize other benefits records offer, such as copy and update. Since we now have anonymous records, it seems we could use those to work with the encapsulated object in a transparent way.

UPDATE: Abel suggested there are some downsides to using anonymous records (such as losing the ability to pattern match, etc.), so I used a combination of this approach with a private single case DU and a public record to address that concern.

// file1.fs

type Coords' =
    { X : float
      Y : float }


type Coords = private Coords of Coords'

module Coords =
    
    let private checkCoord (value : float) =
        if value < 0.0 || value > 32.0 then invalidOp "Invalid coordinate"

    let create (newcoord : Coords') =
        checkCoord newcoord.X
        checkCoord newcoord.Y
        newcoord |> Coords

    let value (Coords c) = c

// file2.fs
open File1

module Tests =

    [<Test>]
    let Test0 () =
        let firstcoord = Coords.create {X = 5.0; Y = 6.0}
        let secondcoord = Coords.create {(firstcoord |> Coords.value) with X = 10.0}
        let thirdcoord = Coords.value secondcoord

        Assert.IsTrue (thirdcoord.X = 10.0)
        Assert.IsTrue (thirdcoord.Y = 6.0)
        Assert.Pass ()

    [<Test>]
    let Test1 () =
        {X = 0.0; Y = 0.0} |> Coords   //Doesn't compile
        ()