How to educate bachelor and master exchange students from Asia?

I teach at a university in Asia and I could say the exact same thing about our European/American exchange students.

Quite simply, exchange students have very different incentives from regular students. They often convert their grades to a simple pass/fail on their transcripts so they just need to pass the class (we get students from very reputable institutions in the US Canada and Europe, I was surprised to hear about that practice at first). In addition for many of them it’s their first time in a new and exotic location. They want to party and travel. With all due respect, lectures are the last thing on their mind.

Some of the exchange students are hard working, but I would say that they are a minority.

To conclude I think your question has a bit of a cultural bias to it. European students can be equally annoying in an exchange program.

Edit: the question is biased because it seems to attribute this behavior to the students’ “Asian-ness” rather to them being in an exciting foreign country, away from their parents, dealing with a new language and academic practices, and all that within a few weeks. All of the bad practices the question describes can be easily observed in European/American students who come on exchange to my Asian university. Also, lumping together all students from Asia (or even just India/China) is completely inaccurate, and an over generalization of a group of people constituting the majority of humankind. I would suggest that the OP revisit their own beliefs and consider the circumstances under which they observe this group.

By the way, we also get exchange students from China and India. Surprise! they do fine in general, because to them our university/location is not particularly exciting or different! It’s like if an American student had a semester in the UK. Sure it’s different, but a lot of things are the same. Have you considered that option?

Edit 2: (reflecting OP's edit and discussion below)

There are, of course, cultural differences between Students from different cultural backgrounds. By and large, students from China tend to be quieter and ask less questions (this is especially true for female Chinese students in my experience). There are several great suggestions in the comments and in other answers: listen to them, do not be confrontational, try to schedule office hours where these students might feel more free to interact with you.

With all this out of the way: I think that the solutions offered above are not quintessentially unique to handling Asian students. They are excellent approaches to handling any reserved student, regardless of their background.

Moreover, exchange students (American, European, Asian or African) tend to be more difficult than regular students (as I describe above). This is a far more important factor in this equation than the cultural parameter from my own limited experience.

I think it's great that the OP is looking to improve their teaching, I just don't think that the difficulties have so much to do with cultural differences as they do with the universal difficulties that arise with foreign exchange students.

As an aside, there are some comments in the threads that are very close to sounding like "I'm not racist, but...". In my opinion, that is unfortunate.

I do think your first point is a little strange as in my experience (American university, CS), the Asian students always attended and were often the ones that stayed after during the additional review time. I have much more experience with Chinese students so I will tailor my answer to them.

• Avoiding doing work/learning - This can be attributed to many factors some of which could also be exhibited by local students. The most generic could be course material; if a course is basic, not part of their core curriculum, or vocabulary focused, students may not work as hard to learn the material. The vocabulary focused part is extremely pertinent for foreign exchange students as it can be extremely frustrating for them to have to relearn terminology for a course they already took in their country (Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, etc).

• Not asking questions - This is very common and a definite cultural difference between Asian countries, or more specifically East Asian countries (China, Korea, Japan), and the west. In Asian schools, test scores are often posted publicly for all students to see and poorly performing students are often ridiculed. This also applies to asking questions in front of the class. This can be seen in younger children in the west but teachers often encourage them to ask questions and try to eliminate the perceived shame of the students lack of knowledge at a young age. You will more commonly see western students shamed because of their lack of athletic abilities since school sports are much more of a thing in the west than in the east.

• Not talking directly to you in person is very strange. From what I have seen, the Asian students in my class often approached the professor in droves after class and were often the only ones to utilize the professors' office hours. Even the most intimidating and tough professors received plenty of questions from students so I would even hesitate to attribute it to that if this applies to you.

As a start, it would probably be a good idea to advertise your office hours more if you have them and attempt to get your students to utilize them more. An example would be if a student emails you a question, specific or general, to ask them to come to your office so you could better understand the question and explain it to them. If this fails, you may have to do some thinking yourself since I don't think there is enough information here, from a recent students' perspective, to give a more accurate answer.

Here are some points that I think are important to think through:

• Is your course a core class? As a university student, I was not particularly interested in my science courses because I was getting a CS degree and would not be using the knowledge from those classes. This is mainly because they were a lot of work, had required labs that had to be attended in person, and I felt they were sucking up too much time that could be used for my core courses.
• Is your course vocabulary heavy or highly theoretical? Learning terminology or theory in another language would be quite difficult. It may be the reason some of your students asked questions that didn't seem like they had a subject. Often times they will go to their upperclassmen for help with classes like these and the help from student to student is not always constructive for learning the subject matter. In this situation, I am not explicitly accusing them of cheating, but rather finding shortcuts, online resources, or tips on how to get a good grade on the exam(s).

In addition to this more clarification on Chinese/Asian/general Foreign Exchange students:

• Foreign exchange students often form close-knit communities to help ease them into the new culture. Although this may defeat the purpose of studying abroad, people of all cultures would likely do this in a study abroad situation. This usually leads to students getting help from their upperclassman rather than the professor since it is easier to communicate and the results are usually more instant.
• Students study abroad for very different reasons. You already listed some of the more cynical reasons in your edit and some of those could apply to your students. Another reason that you did not list but is a popular reason for Asians to come to Western universities is that the opportunities afforded are better than what they could get in their home country. This could be a better educational opportunity at the university itself or better opportunities after obtaining their degree. A lot of Chinese students go abroad because they did not get into one of the top universities in their country. Even a mediocre foreign university looks better on a resume there than a non top x university in China (x used to not spread misinformation).
• Chinese students may be looking for a break. High school is very very rigorous in Asian countries and their college is more of a breeze. This is very different to the United States and perhaps Europe. They are probably a bit burnt out from high school and if they are coming with any university experience in their home country, they may have already gotten a taste of that more lax university life. The difficulty and time required to get a degree in the west may be burning them out.

It is also reasonable to think that there will be culture shock. If the course you teach is a first or second year course, they may still be going through that or it may have worsened in the time since they got there. They also could be homesick or missing their families. Morning courses in Europe are close to the time their family/friends would be going to sleep and evening courses are when they would wake up so they may be calling their friends or family instead of going to class.

I hope this post at least gave you some points to think on since I do think it is a little hard to answer the question at hand objectively and accurately since we do not know the students personally.

I hate to answer by stereotyping, so I'll do my best to avoid it. That said, there are differences between people in different parts of the world. Some are easy to see and anticipate, once you know to look for them, and others are much harder.

Some people, for example, have cultural mores about open criticism. They may take great offense as being called out as less than perfect in public, but in the privacy of your office, it's fine. People coming from societies like this may never reply to "Do you understand?" in the context of a class, but need to be asked the same question in private, or encouraged to privately contact you if they need to.

As for sitting through class, I don't know of any social issues that might interfere, but I can certainly sympathize with people who have a language barrier that makes class less useful than trying to catch up later, from, say, a book.

It's a big world out there, and learning to work with wonderful people with different social norms that make them seem a bit odd to others is challenging, but worth pursuing.

I suggest asking colleagues from different parts of the world, who have been living where you live for some years, for advice on how to best communicate with people from these parts of the world, and ask if there are any social aspects that you don't know about that might help you understand your students.

As an addition, this is pretty close to my stereotyping concern, but knowing about it before I (and the student I was trying to work with) was frustrated by it would have been nice!

Such issues are one reason WHY study abroad and other international experiences are so important.