How to fix the HTML Formatting in Outlook 2016
Lots of email clients strip out <style> tags from your emails so you should put your styles inline.
You can do this automatically with a CSS Inliner Tool like the one Mailchimp offers.
Your best bet will be to inline or all CSS (which you have done as you have said) and use tables. Outlook doesnt work with DIV's.
If you run this code you can see that its the same as your just in tables. One thing to note is Outlook doesn't read CSS3 elements (border radius, shadows etc). You can still use CSS in the head but it will be read by a few emails clients that support them.
<body style="background-color: #fafafa;">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="wrapper" style="width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 24px 0 24px 0;background-color: #fafafa;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">
<table width="90%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 90%;max-width: 680px;min-width: 280px;border: 1px solid #dddddd;background-color: #ffffff !important;box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(192, 192, 192, 0.9);margin: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="inner" style="color: #505050;font-size: 13px;padding: 24px;background-color: #ffffff;">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="font-size: 30px;line-height: 34px;color: #505050;border-bottom: 1px solid #dddddd;margin-bottom: 32px;padding-bottom: 8px;background-color: #ffffff"><img src="CENSORED" width="168" height="47" alt="CENSORED" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: #505050;font-size: 13px;padding: 24px 0px; background-color: #ffffff;">Schönen guten Tag {name},<br /> Ihre Anfrage ist bei uns eingegangen. Wir bemühen uns um eine schnelle Antwort, um Ihnen weiterhelfen zu können. Sie hören bald wieder von uns!</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: 1px solid #dddddd;margin-top: 32px;padding-top: 8px;font-size: 12px;font-style: italic;color: #707070;background-color:#ffffff;">CENSORED</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>Let me know if this works for you.