How to get a File() or Blob() from an URL in javascript?

@James answer is correct but it is not compatible with all browsers. You can try this jQuery solution :

$.get('blob:yourbloburl').then(function(data) {
  var blob = new Blob([data], { type: 'audio/wav' });
});

Try using the fetch API. You can use it like so:

fetch('https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Delete_key1.jpg')
  .then(res => res.blob()) // Gets the response and returns it as a blob
  .then(blob => {
    // Here's where you get access to the blob
    // And you can use it for whatever you want
    // Like calling ref().put(blob)

    // Here, I use it to make an image appear on the page
    let objectURL = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
    let myImage = new Image();
    myImage.src = objectURL;
    document.getElementById('myImg').appendChild(myImage)
});
<div id="myImg"></div>

As of July 2022, the fetch API has about 97% browser support worldwide, with basically just IE missing it. You can get that to near 100% using a polyfill, which I recommend if you're still targeting IE.