how to get volume id attached to instance from AWS CLI
The volumes IDs are not available from the metadata. The virtual devices are available under block-device-mapping/
You will need to use the AWS CLI (or script, program, etc.) to get the volume IDs assigned to an instance.
With the CLI:
aws ec2 describe-volumes
The output will include the instance ID that a volume is attached to.
Once you know the instance ID, you can filter on just those volumes attached to that instance:
aws ec2 describe-volumes --filters Name=attachment.instance-id,Values=i-555550604eaf99999
The documentation will have more details and examples.
describe-volumes