How to import data in Excel from the clipboard as if it was in a text file?

Text to columns (in data tab) have almost the same functionality than your "import from text file has".

You can split the text to columns by fixed length or at separators, select data type for each column...

Alternatively, if you have the text data on your clipboard, you can Use Text Import Wizard...  (I've confirmed that this works for Excel 2010+; not sure about older versions.)