How to override English labels inserted by Sphinx

In your conf.py, there is the following paragraph (around line 57 in a conf.py created by sphinx-quickstart):

# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
# for a list of supported languages.
#language = None

In my case, I changed it to:

language = nl      # bug!

Which of course should be:

language = 'nl'    # don't forget the quotes :-)

This will work for all Sphinx output; in my case, I only checked the html and latex output. On the Spinx website, there is list of supported languages.

Sphinx generates LaTeX files, and then uses LaTeX to generate the PDF. So yes, you can, but it typically involves learning LaTeX and changing the LaTeX macros. I did a quick search and couldn't find any place where the "Chapter" was defined, so it's probably defined in the Bjarne chapter heading style (which is the default), which means you need to find that definition and see of you can override it, or make a new definition.

LaTeX is big, so take a deep breath. But it's definitely possible. :)