How to partition a set with a condition on subsets?

Update My original answer was fun but not efficient.

sfunc[r_, d_, k_] := Module[{rng, s, df, se, g, fp, su, c, ans},
  rng = Range[r];
  s = Rest@Subsets[rng];
  df[x_?(Length@# == 1 &)] := Infinity;
  df[x_] := Min[Differences@x];
  se = Select[s, df[#] >= d &];
  g = RelationGraph[Intersection[#1, #2] == {} &, se];
  c = FindClique[g, {k}, All]
  ]

Now testing (the first column is d, the second column k, the third column is number of partitons):

disp[n_] := 
 Grid[{#1, #2, 
     OpenerView[{Length[#3], #3}]} & @@@ ({##, sfunc[n, ##]} & @@@ 
     Tuples[Range[2, n - 1], 2]), Frame -> All]

** Original Answer**

Just for fun:

r = Range[5];
s = Rest@Subsets[r];
df[x_?(Length@# == 1 &)] := Infinity;
df[x_] := Min[Differences@x];
se = Select[s, df[#] >= 2 &];
g = RelationGraph[Intersection[#1, #2] == {} &, se];
fp[u_, v_] := DeleteCases[FindPath[g, u, v, {2}, All], {{_}, {_}, {_}}]
su = Subsets[VertexList[g], {2}];
c = Catenate[fp @@@ su];
ans = Union[Sort /@ Pick[c, Sort[Flatten[#]] == r & /@ c]]

yields:

{{{1}, {2, 4}, {3, 5}}, {{2}, {4}, {1, 3, 5}}, {{2}, {1, 4}, {3, 
   5}}, {{3}, {1, 4}, {2, 5}}, {{3}, {1, 5}, {2, 4}}, {{4}, {1, 
   3}, {2, 5}}, {{5}, {1, 3}, {2, 4}}}

You could adjust to obtain desired ordering,e.g.

SortBy[#, Min[#] &] & /@ ans

yields:

{{{1}, {2, 4}, {3, 5}}, {{1, 3, 5}, {2}, {4}}, {{1, 4}, {2}, {3, 
   5}}, {{1, 4}, {2, 5}, {3}}, {{1, 5}, {2, 4}, {3}}, {{1, 3}, {2, 
   5}, {4}}, {{1, 3}, {2, 4}, {5}}}

This should do

ConditionalPartition[list_, k_, cond_] := Module[{y},
  y = Table[{}, {k}];
  Do[Do[
    If[y[[j]] == {} || (AllTrue[y[[j]], cond[#, list[[i]]] &] && Quiet[y[[j + 1]] =!= {}]),
      AppendTo[y[[j]], list[[i]]];
      Break[]]
    , {j, k}], {i, Length@list}];
  If[Sort[list] == Sort@Flatten[y, 1], y, $Failed]
]

list is the set, k the amount of subsets and cond a function that evaluates to True if both arguments may appear together in one subset.

The function hoever is dependent on the ordering of list and provides only one solution.

ConditionalPartition[{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, 3, ! Abs[# - #2] < 2 &]
(* {{1, 3, 5}, {2}, {4}} *)
ConditionalPartition[{1, 5, 4, 2, 3}, 3, ! Abs[# - #2] < 2 &]
(* {{1, 4}, {5, 3}, {2}} *)    

A brute force approach (not to be used with large lists):

partitionsF[lst_, k_, cond_] := Module[{s1 = Subsets[lst, {1, Infinity}], s2,
   sF1 = (And @@ (! cond @@ # & /@ Subsets[#, {2}])) &, 
   sF2 = And[ Union @@ # == lst, ## & @@ (Intersection@@# == {} & /@ Subsets[#, {2}])] &}, 
  s2 = Subsets[Pick[s1, sF1 /@ s1], {k}];
  Pick[s2, sF2 /@ s2]]

Examples

partitionsF[Range[5], 3, Abs[# - #2] < 2 &]

{{{1}, {2, 4}, {3, 5}}, {{2}, {4}, {1, 3, 5}}, {{2}, {1, 4}, {3, 5}}, {{3}, {1, 4}, {2, 5}}, {{3}, {1, 5}, {2, 4}}, {{4}, {1, 3}, {2, 5}}, {{5}, {1, 3}, {2, 4}}}

partitionsF[Range[5], 3, Abs[# - #2] < 3 &]

{{{3}, {1, 4}, {2, 5}}}

partitionsF[Range[5], 2, Abs[# - #2] < 2 &]

{{{2, 4}, {1, 3, 5}}}

partitionsF[Range[5], 2, Abs[# - #2] < 3 &]

{}