How to re-position a Bootstrap Popover after dynamic content insertion?

No, there isn't a recalculate and there's really no easy way to do it. That said, you can dynamically inject the popovers this way:

$('td.chartSection').on('mouseenter', function() {
    var myPopOverContent = 'This is some static content, but could easily be some dynamically obtained data.';
    $(this).data('container', 'body');
    $(this).data('toggle', 'popover');
    $(this).data('placement', 'top');
    $(this).data('content', myPopOverContent);
    $(this).popover('show');
});

$('td.chartSection').on('mouseout', function() {
    $(this).popover('hide');
});

Just replace all of your js in your fiddle with the above and check it out...

Using Bootstrap v3.3.7:

You can extend the Popover constructor to add support for a re-positioning function. You can place this script below where you load bootstrap.

JSFiddle Demo

<script src="bootstrap.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function () {
    $.fn.popover.Constructor.prototype.reposition = function () {
        var $tip = this.tip()
        var autoPlace = true

        var placement = typeof this.options.placement === 'function' ? this.options.placement.call(this, $tip[0], this.$element[0]) : this.options.placement

        var pos = this.getPosition()
        var actualWidth = $tip[0].offsetWidth
        var actualHeight = $tip[0].offsetHeight

        if (autoPlace) {
            var orgPlacement = placement
            var viewportDim = this.getPosition(this.$viewport)

            placement = placement === 'bottom' &&
                pos.bottom + actualHeight > viewportDim.bottom ? 'top' : placement === 'top' &&
                pos.top - actualHeight < viewportDim.top ? 'bottom' : placement === 'right' &&
                pos.right + actualWidth > viewportDim.width ? 'left' : placement === 'left' &&
                pos.left - actualWidth < viewportDim.left ? 'right' : placement

            $tip
                .removeClass(orgPlacement)
                .addClass(placement)
        }

        var calculatedOffset = this.getCalculatedOffset(placement, pos, actualWidth, actualHeight)

        this.applyPlacement(calculatedOffset, placement)
    }
})
</script>

Then in your script whenever you need to reposition your tooltip after inserting content. You can just call:

$element.popover('reposition')