How to recover from missed integration or notification events in event driven architecture?

Should I trust my message bus in case of an application error?

Yes.

(Edit: After reading this answer, read @StuartLC's answer for more info)

The system you described is an eventually consistent one. It works under the assumption that if each component does its job, all components will eventually converge on a consistent state.

The Outbox's job is to ensure that any event persisted by the Event Source Microservice is durably and reliably delivered to the message bus (via the Event Publisher). Once that happens, the Event Source and the Event Publisher are done--they can assume that the event will eventually be delivered to all subscribers. It is then the message bus's job to ensure that that happens.

The message bus and its subscriptions can be configured for either "at least once" or "at most once" delivery. (Note that "exactly once" delivery is generally not guaranteeable, so an application should be resilient against either duplicate or missed messages, depending on the subscription type).

An "at least once" (called "Peek Lock" by Azure Service Bus) subscription will hold on to the message until the subscriber gives confirmation that it was handled. If the subscriber gives confirmation, the message bus's job is done. If the subscriber responds with an error code or doesn't respond in a timely manner, the message bus may retry delivery. If delivery fails multiple times, the message may be sent to a poison message or dead-letter queue. Either way, the message bus holds on to the message until it gets confirmation that it was received.

On republishing events, should all messages be republished to all topics or would it be possible to only republish a subset?

I can't speak for all messaging systems, but I would expect a message bus to only republish to the subset of subscriptions that failed. Regardless, all subscribers should be prepared to handle duplicate and out-of-order messages.

Should the service republishing events be able to access publisher and subscriber databases to know the message offset?

I'm not sure I understand what you mean by "know the message offset", but as a general guideline, microservices should not share databases. A shared database schema is a contract. Once the contract established, it is difficult to change unless you have total control over all of its consumers (both their code and deployments). It's generally better to share data through application APIs to allow more flexibility.

Or should the subscribing microservices be able to read the outbox?

The point of the message bus is to decouple the message subscribers from the message publisher. Making the subscribers explicitly aware of the publisher defeats that purpose, and will likely be difficult to maintain as the number of publishers and subscribers grows. Instead, rely on a dedicated monitoring service and/or the monitoring capabilities of the message bus to track delivery failures.

Just to add to @xander's excellent answer, I believe that you may be using an inappropriate technology for your event bus. You should find that Azure Event Hubs or Apache Kafka are better candidates for event publish / subscribe architectures. Benefits of a dedicated Event Bus technology over the older Service Bus approaches include:

• There is only ever one copy of each event message (whereas Azure Service Bus or RabbitMQ make deep copies of each message for each subscriber)
• Messages are not deleted after consumption by any one subsriber. Instead, messages are left on the topic for a defined period of time (which can be indefinite, in Kafka's case).
• Each subscriber (consumer group) will be able to track it's committed offset. This allows subscribers to re-connect and rewind if it has lost messages, independently of the publisher, and other subscribers (i.e. isolated).
• New consumers can subscribe AFTER messages have been published, and will still be able to receive ALL messages available (i.e. rewind to the start of available events)

With this in mind, :

Should I trust my message bus in case of an application error?

Yes, for the reasons xander provided. Once the publisher has a confirmation that the event bus has accepted the event, the publisher's job is now done and should never send this same event again.

Nitpicky, but since you are in a publish subscribe architecture (i.e. 0..N subscribers), you should refer to the bus as an event bus (not a message bus), irrespective of the technology used.

Is this a usecase for dead letter queues?

Dead letter queues are more usually an artifact of point-to-point queues or service bus delivery architecture, i.e. where there is a command message intended (transactionally) for a single, or possibly finite number of recipients. In a pub-sub event bus topology, it would be unfair to the publisher to expect it to monitor the delivery of all subscribers.

Instead, the subscriber should take on responsibility for resilient delivery. In technologies like Azure Event Hubs and Apache Kafka, events are uniquely numbered per consumer group, so the subscriber can be alerted to a missed message through monitoring of message offsets.

On republishing events, should all messages be republished to all topics or would it be possible to only republish a subset?

No, an event publisher should never republish an event, as this will corrupt the chain of events to all observer subscribers. Remember, that there may be N subscribers to each published event, some of which may be external to your organisation / outside of your control. Events should be regarded as 'facts' which have happened at a point in time. The event publisher shouldn't care whether there are zero or 100 subscribers to an event. It is up to each subscriber to decide on how the event message should be interpreted.

e.g. Different types of subscribers could do any of the following with an event:

• Simply log the event for analytics purposes
• Translate the event into a command (or Actor Model message) and be handled as a transaction specific to the subscriber
• Pass the event into a Rules engine to reason over the wider stream of events, e.g. trigger counter-fraud actions if a specific customer is performing an unusually large number of transactions
• etc.

So you can see that republishing events for the benefit of one flakey subscriber would corrupt the data flow for other subscribers.

Should the service republishing events be able to access publisher and subscriber databases to know the message offset?

As xander said, Systems and Microservices shouldn't share databases. However, systems can expose APIs (RESTful, gRPC etc)

The Event Bus itself should track which subscriber has read up to which offset (i.e. per consumer group, per topic and per partition). Each subscriber will be able to monitor and change its offsets, e.g. in case an event was lost and needs to be re-processed. (Again, the producer should never republish an event once it has confirmation that the event has been received by the bus)

Or should the subscribing microservices be able to read the outbox?

There are at least two common approaches to event driven enterprise architectures:

• 'Minimal information' events, e.g. Customer Y has purchased Product Z. In this case, many of the subscribers will find the information contained in the event insufficient to complete downstream workflows, and will need to enrich the event data, typically by calling an API close to the publisher, in order to retrieve the rest of the data they require. This approach has security benefits (since the API can authenticate the request for more data), but can lead to high I/O load on the API.
• 'Deep graph' events, where each event message has all the information that any subscriber should ever hope to need (this is surprisingly difficult to future proof!). Although the event message sizes will be bloated, it does save a lot of triggered I/O as the subscribers shouldn't need to perform further enrichment from the the producer.