How to remove call logs from android programmatically?

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_CALL_LOG"/>

You need to give only this permission to work along with this method:

this.getContentResolver().delete(CallLog.Calls.CONTENT_URI, null, null);

Its working perfectly for me. I've tested it on my Moto-G running Kitkat 4.4.2 and Samsung Note with Jelly Bean 4.1.

Make sure u have following permissions in Manifest.xml:

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_CONTACTS" /> 
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS" />

For deleting call logs for particular number try this way:

public void DeleteCallLogByNumber(String number) {   
    String queryString = "NUMBER=" + number; 
    this.getContentResolver().delete(CallLog.Calls.CONTENT_URI, queryString, null);  
}

The existing solution will not delete numbers with 0 or + prefix. For this to work for all phone numbers, one needs to put the number in single quotes, like so:

String queryString = "NUMBER='"+numberToDelete+"'";
context.getContentResolver().delete(CallLog.Calls.CONTENT_URI, queryString, null);

Hope this helps.

Accepted answer will delete all calls from call log for a specific number. If you want to delete a only single call you can do it by passing CallLogId to that function and run this query.

public void DeleteCallById(String idd) {   
    this.getContentResolver().delete(CallLog.Calls.CONTENT_URI,CallLog.Calls._ID + " = ? ",
            new String[] { String.valueOf(idd) });
    }