How to remove particular words from lines of a text file?

If there's only one = sign, you could delete everything before and including = like this:

$ sed -r 's/.* = (.*)/\1/' file
0.000205348
0.000265725
0.000322823
0.000376445
0.000425341

If you want to change the original file, use the -i option after testing:

sed -ri 's/.* = (.*)/\1/' file

Notes

• -r use ERE so we don't have to escape ( and )
• s/old/new replace old with new
• .* any number of any characters
• (things) save things to backreference later with \1, \2, etc.

This is a job for awk; assuming the values occur in last field only (as per your example):

awk '{print $NF}' file.txt

• NF is an awk variable, expands to the number of fields in a record (line), hence $NF (note the $ in front) contains the value of the last field.

Example:

% cat temp.txt 
Liquid penetration 95% mass (m) = 0.000205348
Liquid penetration 95% mass (m) = 0.000265725
Liquid penetration 95% mass (m) = 0.000322823
Liquid penetration 95% mass (m) = 0.000376445
Liquid penetration 95% mass (m) = 0.000425341

% awk '{print $NF}' temp.txt
0.000205348
0.000265725
0.000322823
0.000376445
0.000425341

I decided to compare the different solutions, listed here. For this purpose I've created a large file, based on the content provided by the OP:

1. I created a simple file, named input.file:

   $ cat input.file
   Liquid penetration 95% mass (m) = 0.000205348
   Liquid penetration 95% mass (m) = 0.000265725
   Liquid penetration 95% mass (m) = 0.000322823
   Liquid penetration 95% mass (m) = 0.000376445
   Liquid penetration 95% mass (m) = 0.000425341
   

2. Then I executed this loop:

   for i in {1..100}; do cat input.file | tee -a input.file; done
   

3. Terminal window was blocked. I executed killall tee from another terminal. Then I examined the content of the file by the commands: less input.file and cat input.file. It looked good, except the last line. So I removed the last line and created a backup copy: cp input.file{,.copy} (because of the commands that use inplace option).

4. The final count of the lines into the file input.file is 2 192 473. I got that number by the command wc:

   $ cat input.file | wc -l
   2192473
   

---

Here is the result of the comparison:

• grep -o '[^[:space:]]\+$'

  $ time grep -o '[^[:space:]]\+$' input.file > output.file
  
  real    0m58.539s
  user    0m58.416s
  sys     0m0.108s
  

• sed -ri 's/.* = (.*)/\1/'

  $ time sed -ri 's/.* = (.*)/\1/' input.file
  
  real    0m26.936s
  user    0m22.836s
  sys     0m4.092s
  

  Alternatively if we redirect the output to a new file the command is more faster:

  $ time sed -r 's/.* = (.*)/\1/' input.file > output.file
  
  real    0m19.734s
  user    0m19.672s
  sys     0m0.056s
  

• gawk '{gsub(".*= ", "");print}'

  $ time gawk '{gsub(".*= ", "");print}' input.file > output.file
  
  real    0m5.644s
  user    0m5.568s
  sys     0m0.072s
  

• rev | cut -d' ' -f1 | rev

  $ time rev input.file | cut -d' ' -f1 | rev  > output.file
  
  real    0m3.703s
  user    0m2.108s
  sys     0m4.916s
  

• grep -oP '.*= \K.*'

  $ time grep -oP '.*= \K.*' input.file > output.file
  
  real    0m3.328s
  user    0m3.252s
  sys     0m0.072s
  

• sed 's/.*= //' (respectively the -i option makes the command few times slower)

  $ time sed 's/.*= //' input.file > output.file
  
  real    0m3.310s
  user    0m3.212s
  sys     0m0.092s
  

• perl -pe 's/.*= //' (the -i option doesn't produce big difference in the productivity here)

  $ time perl -i.bak -pe 's/.*= //' input.file
  
  real    0m3.187s
  user    0m3.128s
  sys     0m0.056s
  

  $ time perl -pe 's/.*= //' input.file > output.file
  
  real    0m3.138s
  user    0m3.036s
  sys     0m0.100s
  

• awk '{print $NF}'

  $ time awk '{print $NF}' input.file  > output.file
  
  real    0m1.251s
  user    0m1.164s
  sys     0m0.084s
  

• cut -c 35-

  $ time cut -c 35- input.file  > output.file
  
  real    0m0.352s
  user    0m0.284s
  sys     0m0.064s
  

• cut -d= -f2

  $ time cut -d= -f2 input.file  > output.file
  
  real    0m0.328s
  user    0m0.260s
  sys     0m0.064s
  

The source of the idea.