How to return value from an asynchronous callback function?

This is impossible as you cannot return from an asynchronous call inside a synchronous method.

In this case you need to pass a callback to foo that will receive the return value

function foo(address, fn){
  geocoder.geocode( { 'address': address}, function(results, status) {
     fn(results[0].geometry.location); 
  });
}

foo("address", function(location){
  alert(location); // this is where you get the return value
});

The thing is, if an inner function call is asynchronous, then all the functions 'wrapping' this call must also be asynchronous in order to 'return' a response.

If you have a lot of callbacks you might consider taking the plunge and use a promise library like Q.

It makes no sense to return values from a callback. Instead, do the "foo()" work you want to do inside your callback.

Asynchronous callbacks are invoked by the browser or by some framework like the Google geocoding library when events happen. There's no place for returned values to go. A callback function can return a value, in other words, but the code that calls the function won't pay attention to the return value.