How to solve "permission denied" when using sudo with redirection in Bash?

Output redirection (via the > operator) is done by the shell, not by echo. You have to login as root

sudo -i

Then you can use redirection

echo N> /sys/module/drm_kms_helper/parameters/poll

Otherwise you can run bash string with sudo

sudo bash -c "echo N> /sys/module/drm_kms_helper/parameters/poll"

The output redirection is done by the shell from which the command has been invoked. So, breaking everything into bits, here what is happening*:

• shell invokes sudo echo "options drm_kms_helper poll=N", which executes sudo command with echo "options drm_kms_helper poll=N" command line

• sudo asks for a password, opens superuser shell and invokes echo "options drm_kms_helper poll=N", which runs echo command passing it "options drm_kms_helper poll=N"

• echo, running with root privileges, prints the string to its standard output.

• echo command terminates, superuser shell exits, sudo terminates

• the shell from which the command has been invoked collects the output and tries to redirect it to /etc/modprobe.d/local.conf, which is writeable only by root. It gets "permission denied" error.

For the ways to fix this see @shantanu answer.

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(*) - while the above sequence helps to understand why the command fails, in reality things happen somewhat out-of-order: the original shell notices the redirection and tries to open the file for writing before invoking the sudo ... command. When opening the file fails the shell doesn't even invoke the command which was supposed to write to the file (thanks to @PanosRontogiannis for pointing this out).

Here's a quick test:

$ touch ./onlyroot.txt
$ sudo chown root:root ./onlyroot.txt
$ sudo bash -c "whoami | tee who.txt" > onlyroot.txt
bash: onlyroot.txt: Permission denied

In the test above the whoami | tee who.txt was going to create a file named who.txt containing the word "root". However, when the output redirection fails in the calling shell, "who.txt" file is also missing because the command was not invoked.

You can use a tee command like this:

sudo tee /sys/module/drm_kms_helper/parameters/poll <<<10

Or if its a command's output:

echo 10 | sudo tee /sys/module/drm_kms_helper/parameters/poll

If you had a situation where you wanted to append rather than overwrite the target file--that is, to make tee behave like >> rather than >--you would use tee -a.