How to split text attribute by characters in QGIS?

Yes you can.

Use the Field calculator with the following expression:

left( "Name", strpos( "Name" ,'-'))

The strpos() function will return the index position of the first '-' character and the left() function "trims" the string before that position.

You can use the Field calculator with the following expression:

string_to_array("Nombre", ' ')

The string_to_array() function splits string into an array using supplied delimiter.

If you want a some position of the array, you can add the position and it will return the value. like this:

string_to_array("Nombre", ' ')[2]

Possible solution by means of PyQGIS.

Let's assume there is a point layer called "some_points" with it's attribute table, see image below.

Proceed with Plugins > Python Console > Show Editor and paste the script below

from PyQt5.QtCore import QVariant

layer = iface.activeLayer()
if not layer.isValid():
    print("Layer failed to load!")

layer_provider = layer.dataProvider()
layer_provider.addAttributes([QgsField("Test", QVariant.String)])
layer.updateFields()

features=layer.getFeatures()

layer.startEditing()

for f in features:
    attrs = {2: f['info'].split('-')[0]}
    layer_provider.changeAttributeValues({f.id(): attrs})
layer.commitChanges()

The output will be looking

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References:

• QGIS Python Tutorial: How to Add/Delete Field and Updating Attribute Value
• PyQGIS developer cookbook