How to use _one_ shell globbing expression to list all files (of course hidden files too!)?

* does match a . character.

It simply doesn't match . when it is the first character of the name. This provides a so-called "dot file" mechanism for "hiding" files.

In zsh:

Set the GLOB_DOTS shell option. This is in § 14.8 of the zsh user manual. Note that . and .. are always excluded even if this option is turned on.

In bash:

Set the dotglob shell option. This is in § 3.5.8 of the bash user manual. Note that setting the GLOBIGNORE shell variable implicitly sets dotglob; that bash (unlike zsh) doesn't automatically exclude . and .. when dotglob is enabled; but that bash will do that when GLOBIGNORE is set. So setting GLOBIGNORE=. will have the effect of turning on dotglob and excluding . and ...

In GNU find:

Don't do anything. As of findutils 4.2.2, the globbing for -name and -iname already matches names with dots as the first character. This is in § 2.1.1 of the findutils user manual.

If you don't want to change any options, any of these will do:

ls -ld {,.}*vim*
ls -ld *vim* .*vim*
find . -maxdepth 1 -name "*vim*"

In bash, enable the dotglob option:

shopt -s dotglob

By default, hidden files are hidden to not cause surprises and annoyances – for example, you run ls in your home directory, see some files from last month, try to remove them with rm *net* and unknowingly nuke your carefully written .nethackrc.