How to write commands with multiple lines in Dockerfile while preserving the new lines?

You can use what is called "ANSI-C quoting" with $'...'. It was originally a ksh93 feature but it is now available in bash, zsh, mksh, FreeBSD sh and in busybox's ash (but only when it is compiled with ENABLE_ASH_BASH_COMPAT).

As RUN uses /bin/sh as shell by default you are required to switch to something like bash first by using the SHELL instruction.

Start your command with $', end it with ' and use \n\ for newlines, like this:

SHELL ["/bin/bash", "-c"]

RUN echo $'[repo] \n\
name            = YUM Repository \n\
baseurl         = https://example.com/packages/ \n\
enabled         = 1 \n\
gpgcheck        = 0' > /etc/yum.repos.d/Repo.repoxyz

I used printf. Writing all the text in one line using "\n".

Executing:

RUN printf 'example \ntext \nhere' >> example.txt

inserts:

example
text
here

in example.txt

You can use:

RUN echo -e "\
[repo] \n\
name            = YUM Repository \n\
baseurl         = https://example.com/packages/ \n\
enabled         = 1 \n\
gpgcheck        = 0\
" > /etc/yum.repos.d/Repo.repoxyz

This way you will have a quick way to check what the file contents are. You just need to be aware that you need to end every line with \ and insert the \n when needed.