In Mac Chrome, how can I return focus from the address bar to the page?

How about this method using the browser's search:

1. Ctrl + F (search)
2. Input any single character into -- might as well search for an F on the page since your finger is already there
3. Hit Enter taking you to the first search result
4. Esc to cancel the search

It's a bit of a kludge, but it's fewer keystrokes than the tab solution proposed. With the tab solution, I have to tab over each of the Chrome extension icons and each item in my bookmarks bar before I get to the main window.

This question is also asked separately, and another highly upvoted answer is given here: https://superuser.com/a/324267/54335 which relies on creating a new search engine with a short keyword.

As per @Peeja's request, making my comment an answer:

How about 2x Tab?

Of course, it only works without any bars between location and web page. So hide the bookmark bar using Cmd-Shift-B temporarily.

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Another option is (ab)using the Find related shortcuts to be able to move the page. If you're focusing the location bar, and press Cmd-F/G, any up/down key presses are forwarded to the web page view, as long as the find widget is open.

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Unfortunately, neither the Chrome scripting dictionary nor the Chrome help were particularly useful.

You can (in theory) execute JavaScript via

tell application "Google Chrome"
    tell window 1
        tell tab 1
            execute javascript "window.document.focus();"
        end tell
    end tell
end tell

But it doesn't work as expected.

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You can use Typinator or a similar tool and create a hotkey that enters javascript:enter. This will "leave" the location bar by entering an empty javascript command.