Are there pattern matching functions in Python like this?

No there is not, python's pattern matching is only iterable unpacking like this:

>>> (x, y) = (1, 2)
>>> print x, y
1 2

Or in function definition:

>>> def x((x, y)):
    ...

Or in python 3:

>>> x, *y = (1, 2, 3)
>>> print(x)
1
>>> print(y)
[2, 3]

But there are some of external libraries that realize pattern matching.