Can plv8 JavaScript language extension call 3rd party libraries?

The plv8 language is trusted so there is no way to load anything from the file system. However you can load modules from the database.

Create a table with source code of a module and load it using select and eval(). A simple example to illustrate the idea:

create table js_modules (
    name text primary key,
    source text
);

insert into js_modules values
('test', 'function test() { return "this is a test"; }' );

Load the module from js_modules in your function:

create or replace function my_function()
returns text language plv8 as $$
//  load module 'test' from the table js_modules
    var res = plv8.execute("select source from js_modules where name = 'test'");
    eval(res[0].source);
//  now the function test() is defined
    return test();
$$;

select my_function();

CREATE FUNCTION
  my_function   
----------------
 this is a test
(1 row) 

You can find a more elaborate example with an elegant require() function in this post: A Deep Dive into PL/v8.. Its is based on plv8.start_proc (see also a short example here).