Case sensitive searches in Google Chrome

No; as of 6th April 2011, this feature request with Chromium (the open source code base of Chrome) has been rejected.

Developer tools in Chrome supports case sensitive search.

Open Developer Tools for the current tab (Ctrl+Shift+I – that's capital "i"), then open Search across all sources (Ctrl+Shift+F), and choose Match Case.

If case sensitivity isn't sufficient, this also supports regular expressions.

Here's a function which prompts for a word and performs a case-sensitive search:

var searches = searches || 0;

(function () {
var count = 0,
    text;
text = prompt('Search:', '');
if (text == null || text.length === 0) return;

function searchWithinNode(node, re) {
    var pos, skip, acronym, middlebit, endbit, middleclone;
    skip = 0;
    if (node.nodeType === 3) {
        pos = node.data.search(re);
        if (pos >= 0) {
            acronym = document.createElement('ACRONYM');
            acronym.title = 'Search ' + (searches + 1) + ': ' + re.toString();
            acronym.style.backgroundColor = backColor;
            acronym.style.borderTop = '1px solid ' + borderColor;
            acronym.style.borderBottom = '1px solid ' + borderColor;
            acronym.style.fontWeight = 'bold';
            acronym.style.color = borderColor;
            middlebit = node.splitText(pos);
            endbit = middlebit.splitText(RegExp.lastMatch.length);
            middleclone = middlebit.cloneNode(true);
            acronym.appendChild(middleclone);
            middlebit.parentNode.replaceChild(acronym, middlebit);
            count++;
            skip = 1;
        }
    } else if (node.nodeType == 1 && node.childNodes && node.tagName.toUpperCase() != 'SCRIPT' && node.tagName.toUpperCase != 'STYLE') for (var child = 0; child < node.childNodes.length; ++child) child = child + searchWithinNode(node.childNodes[child], re);
    return skip;
}
var borderColor = '#' + (searches + 8).toString(2).substr(-3).replace(/0/g, '3').replace(/1/g, '6');
var backColor = borderColor.replace(/3/g, 'c').replace(/6/g, 'f');
if (searches % 16 / 8 >= 1) {
    var tempColor = borderColor;
    borderColor = backColor;
    backColor = tempColor;
}
searchWithinNode(document.body, text);
window.status = 'Found ' + count + ' match' + (count == 1 ? '' : 'es') + ' for ' + text + '.';
if (count > 0) searches++;
})();

It can be saved as a bookmarklet for easy access.

References

Regular Expression Search Bookmarklet

Highlight Regex Bookmarklet