Chrome works only outside of sandbox?

NOTE: This is not a permanent solution.

You can try installing an older version of Google Chrome and see if that works.

If this problem is introduced by a new version of Google Chrome, then it could mean there's a software conflict with something on your computer.

It might even help to read the changelogs and see what was introduced/removed/modified between the last working version of Google Chrome and the one after it. That might help pinpoint the problem.

As @harrymc suggested, you should try filing a bug report. You can do that from Chrome itself:
→ Help → Report and Issue. Or use the shortcut combination, LAlt+LShift+I

EDIT: It looks like this is a known issue. It seems very likely that the problem might be related to old software causing conflicts on your computer (as previously suggested)

You can check if a software conflict is present by visiting this page: chrome://conflicts
If you see outdated software listed there, you should update them and hopefully, that'll fix the problem.