Complementary integrable vector fields

Actually, it's easier than the general curvature case: Let $X^\flat$ be the $1$-form dual to $X$ via the metric $g$. Then the orthogonal plane field to the integral curves of $X$ is integrable if and only if $$ X^\flat \wedge \mathrm{d} X^\flat = 0. $$

In the case of the $3$-sphere and the vector field $X$ that generates the Hopf fibration, the $3$-form $X^\flat \wedge \mathrm{d} X^\flat$ is nowhere vanishing, so the $2$-plane field is not integrable, so there is no foliation to discuss. In particular, $X^\flat$ defines a contact structure on the $3$-sphere.

Moreover, Haefliger (Comment. Math. Helv. 32 (1958), 249–329) proved that there is no real-analytic foliation of a simply-connected compact $3$-manifold by surfaces. (Reeb famously constructed a smooth foliation of $S^3$, though.)

If you are looking for information about codimension $1$ foliations of manifolds, you should, perhaps, look up references that discuss secondary characteristic classes, such as the Godbillon-Vey class, and their geometric and dynamical meaning. A good place to start would be H. Blaine Lawson's article Foliations (Bulletin of the AMS 80 (1974), 369–418).

Note: In the first version of this answer (written in 2014), I had mistakenly attributed Haefliger's theorem to Arnol'd. My thanks to Dan Asimov for pointing out my error.

The obstruction against integrability of the orthogonal is called curvature for the (Ehresmann) connection given by orthogonal projection onto the distribution generated by $X$. See section 17 of

• Peter W. Michor: Topics in Differential Geometry. Graduate Studies in Mathematics, Vol. 93 American Mathematical Society, Providence, 2008. (pdf)

where the situation is slightly more special (the orbit space is a manifold, and the projection is a fiber bundle). Or see the paper for a more general situation (the vertical bundle, here generated by $X$, need not be integrable either, and then you have curvature and cocurvature):

• Peter W. Michor: Graded derivations of the algebra of differential forms associated with a connection. Differential Geometry, Pe\ niscola, 1988, \eds F.J. Carreras, O. Gil-Medrano, A.M. Naveira Lecture Notes in Math. 1410 (1989), 249--261, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (pdf)

In the case of $S^3$ and the Hopf fibration, the orbit space is $S^2$, and the connection is a principal $S^1$-connection whose curvature 2-form is a multiple of the volume form on $S^2$, if I remember correctly.

Wasn't it André Haefliger who proved that there exists no real-analytic foliation of the 3-sphere by surfaces?