Convert float to double without losing precision

This is due the contract of Float.toString(float), which says in part:

How many digits must be printed for the fractional part […]? There must be at least one digit to represent the fractional part, and beyond that as many, but only as many, more digits as are needed to uniquely distinguish the argument value from adjacent values of type float. That is, suppose that x is the exact mathematical value represented by the decimal representation produced by this method for a finite nonzero argument f. Then f must be the float value nearest to x; or, if two float values are equally close to x, then f must be one of them and the least significant bit of the significand of f must be 0.

It's not that you're actually getting extra precision - it's that the float didn't accurately represent the number you were aiming for originally. The double is representing the original float accurately; toString is showing the "extra" data which was already present.

For example (and these numbers aren't right, I'm just making things up) suppose you had:

float f = 0.1F;
double d = f;

Then the value of f might be exactly 0.100000234523. d will have exactly the same value, but when you convert it to a string it will "trust" that it's accurate to a higher precision, so won't round off as early, and you'll see the "extra digits" which were already there, but hidden from you.

When you convert to a string and back, you're ending up with a double value which is closer to the string value than the original float was - but that's only good if you really believe that the string value is what you really wanted.

Are you sure that float/double are the appropriate types to use here instead of BigDecimal? If you're trying to use numbers which have precise decimal values (e.g. money), then BigDecimal is a more appropriate type IMO.

I find converting to the binary representation easier to grasp this problem.

float f = 0.27f;
double d2 = (double) f;
double d3 = 0.27d;

System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(Float.floatToRawIntBits(f)));
System.out.println(Long.toBinaryString(Double.doubleToRawLongBits(d2)));
System.out.println(Long.toBinaryString(Double.doubleToRawLongBits(d3)));

You can see the float is expanded to the double by adding 0s to the end, but that the double representation of 0.27 is 'more accurate', hence the problem.

   111110100010100011110101110001
11111111010001010001111010111000100000000000000000000000000000
11111111010001010001111010111000010100011110101110000101001000