Differences between numpy.random and random.random in Python

You have made many correct observations already!

Unless you'd like to seed both of the random generators, it's probably simpler in the long run to choose one generator or the other. But if you do need to use both, then yes, you'll also need to seed them both, because they generate random numbers independently of each other.

For numpy.random.seed(), the main difficulty is that it is not thread-safe - that is, it's not safe to use if you have many different threads of execution, because it's not guaranteed to work if two different threads are executing the function at the same time. If you're not using threads, and if you can reasonably expect that you won't need to rewrite your program this way in the future, numpy.random.seed() should be fine. If there's any reason to suspect that you may need threads in the future, it's much safer in the long run to do as suggested, and to make a local instance of the numpy.random.Random class. As far as I can tell, random.random.seed() is thread-safe (or at least, I haven't found any evidence to the contrary).

The numpy.random library contains a few extra probability distributions commonly used in scientific research, as well as a couple of convenience functions for generating arrays of random data. The random.random library is a little more lightweight, and should be fine if you're not doing scientific research or other kinds of work in statistics.

Otherwise, they both use the Mersenne twister sequence to generate their random numbers, and they're both completely deterministic - that is, if you know a few key bits of information, it's possible to predict with absolute certainty what number will come next. For this reason, neither numpy.random nor random.random is suitable for any serious cryptographic uses. But because the sequence is so very very long, both are fine for generating random numbers in cases where you aren't worried about people trying to reverse-engineer your data. This is also the reason for the necessity to seed the random value - if you start in the same place each time, you'll always get the same sequence of random numbers!

As a side note, if you do need cryptographic level randomness, you should use the secrets module, or something like Crypto.Random if you're using a Python version earlier than Python 3.6.

From Python for Data Analysis, the module numpy.random supplements the Python random with functions for efficiently generating whole arrays of sample values from many kinds of probability distributions.

By contrast, Python's built-in random module only samples one value at a time, while numpy.random can generate very large sample faster. Using IPython magic function %timeit one can see which module performs faster:

In [1]: from random import normalvariate
In [2]: N = 1000000

In [3]: %timeit samples = [normalvariate(0, 1) for _ in xrange(N)]
1 loop, best of 3: 963 ms per loop

In [4]: %timeit np.random.normal(size=N)
10 loops, best of 3: 38.5 ms per loop