diodes blow with no load on full wave bridge rectifier

Yep, Inrush is killing you, that is a lot of bulk capacitance to have without any inrush limiting. Assuming a trace resistance of 100mOhm, and that your 6 or 14 electrolytic capacitors in parallel will have ~ 0 ohm impedance, your instant current is 160A on startup. Here is a nice site for looking at this. MustCalculate

Most large capacitance banks have huge diodes and Capacitors designed to stand the inrush, or some form of inrush limiting, passive or active. A cheep passive solution is a NTC resistor, they are sold for this exact purpose, here are some on digikey: Here. You place them in series with the bank and the input voltage, as they heat up the resistance goes down.

Update:
I'll also add if you choose to go this route, notice the NTC's are rated for maximum capacitive load and approximate steady state current. The loading is usually for 120 and 240V but this can be adjusted to your ~16VAC easily. Since the important property is power dissipation, the difference is squared. for example:
a device rated for 500uF@240VAC will handle 2000uF@120VAC or 8000uF@60VAC. Notice the voltage difference is squared.

Also Note:
This method is only effective if the device is not powered on and off quickly in succession. The NTC must have time to cool back down to room temperature otherwise when you flip the power back on, the resistance will still be low and your diodes could go poof again. Typically they take less then a minute to cool off. That being said, they will still provide some protection even when hot, as they still have a lot more resistance then a PCB trace.

"The transformer can output a maximum of 4.81A."

And there's your problem right there. The transformer, in the long term, is rated for 4.81 A in order to meet the VA specs. In the short term (like a few tenths of a second) it can probably put out 10 times that. And, since your capacitance is so great, that's exactly what it's doing.

I never had problems with diodes and inrush current but years ago I had a problem with diodes where the cathode mark was on the wrong side. It was difficult to detect as the diodes exploded. I checked all my new diodes using an ohmmeter and detected the reason. After selecting the diodes and mounting them in the right direction everything worked as designed. By the way sometimes the schematic which is printed onto your PCB is misleading -- you should check it. Or you can cut one of the lines from the transformer to the rectifier with a knife and bridge the gap with a resistor (10 kOhms) -- Then you can measure whether the rectifier works as intended without a damage to your diodes.