Fast pseudo random number generator for procedural content

Yep, you are looking for a fast integer hash algorithm rather than a PRNG.

This page has a few algorithms, I'm sure you'll find plenty more now you know the correct search terms.

Edit: The original page has been removed, a live version can be found on GitHub.

see std::tr1::ranlux3, or other random number generators that are part of TR1 additions to the standard C++ library. I suggested mt19937 initialially, but then saw your note that it needs to be very fast. TR1 is should be available on Microsoft VC++ and GCC, and can also be found in the boost libraries which support even more compilers.

example adapted from boost documentation:

#include <random>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <functional>
#include <algorithm>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
using namespace std::tr1;
int main(){
    random_device trueRand;
    ranlux3 rng(trueRand);  // produces randomness out of thin air
                            // see pseudo-random number generators
    uniform_int<> six(1,6); // distribution that maps to 1..6
                            // see random number distributions
    variate_generator<ranlux3&, uniform_int<> >
           die(rng, six);   // glues randomness with mapping

    // simulate rolling a die
    generate_n( ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " "), 10, ref(die));
}

example output:

2 4 4 2 4 5 4 3 6 2

Any TR1 random number generator can seed any other random number generator. If you need higher quality results, consider feeding the output of mt19937 (which is slower, but higher quality) into a minstd_rand or randlux3, which are faster generators.

Seems like you're asking for a hash-function rather than a PRNG. Googling 'fast hash function' yields several promising-looking results.

For example:

uint32_t hash( uint32_t a)
    a = (a ^ 61) ^ (a >> 16);
    a = a + (a << 3);
    a = a ^ (a >> 4);
    a = a * 0x27d4eb2d;
    a = a ^ (a >> 15);
    return a;
}

Edit: Yep, some hash functions definitely look more suitable than others.

For your purposes, it should be sufficient to eyeball thefunction and check that a single-bit change in the input will propagate to lots of output bits.

Here's a small random number generator developed by George Marsaglia. He's an expert in the field, so you can be confident the generator has good statistical properties.

v = 36969*(v & 65535) + (v >> 16);
u = 18000*(u & 65535) + (u >> 16);
return (v << 16) + (u & 65535);

Here u and v are unsigned ints. Initialize them to any non-zero values. Each time you generate a random number, store u and v somewhere. You could wrap this in a function to match your signature above (except the ints are unsigned.)