Generating a histogram from column values in a database

Gamecat's use of DISTINCT seems a little odd to me, will have to try it out when I'm back in the office...

The way I would do it is similar though...

SELECT
    [table].grade        AS [grade],
    COUNT(*)             AS [occurances]
FROM
    [table]
GROUP BY
    [table].grade
ORDER BY
    [table].grade

To overcome the lack of data where there are 0 occurances, you can LEFT JOIN on to a table containing all valid grades. The COUNT(*) will count NULLS, but COUNT(grade) won't count the NULLS.

DECLARE @grades TABLE (
   val INT
   )  

INSERT INTO @grades VALUES (1)  
INSERT INTO @grades VALUES (2)  
INSERT INTO @grades VALUES (3)  
INSERT INTO @grades VALUES (4)  
INSERT INTO @grades VALUES (5)  
INSERT INTO @grades VALUES (6)  

SELECT
    [grades].val         AS [grade],
    COUNT([table].grade) AS [occurances]
FROM
    @grades   AS [grades]
LEFT JOIN
    [table]
        ON [table].grade = [grades].val
GROUP BY
    [grades].val
ORDER BY
    [grades].val

If there are a lot of data points, you can also group ranges together like this:

SELECT FLOOR(grade/5.00)*5 As Grade, 
       COUNT(*) AS [Grade Count]
FROM TableName
GROUP BY FLOOR(Grade/5.00)*5
ORDER BY 1

Additionally, if you wanted to label the full range, you can get the floor and ceiling ahead of time with a CTE.

With GradeRanges As (
  SELECT FLOOR(Score/5.00)*5     As GradeFloor, 
         FLOOR(Score/5.00)*5 + 4 As GradeCeiling
  FROM TableName
)
SELECT GradeFloor,
       CONCAT(GradeFloor, ' to ', GradeCeiling) AS GradeRange,
       COUNT(*) AS [Grade Count]
FROM GradeRanges
GROUP BY GradeFloor, CONCAT(GradeFloor, ' to ', GradeCeiling)
ORDER BY GradeFloor

Note: In some SQL engines, you can GROUP BY an Ordinal Column Index, but with MS SQL, if you want it in the SELECT statement, you're going to need to group by it also, hence copying the Range into the Group Expression as well.

Option 2: You could use case statements to selectively count values into arbitrary bins and then unpivot them to get a row by row count of included values

Use a temp table to get your missing values:

CREATE TABLE #tmp(num int)
DECLARE @num int
SET @num = 0
WHILE @num < 10
BEGIN
  INSERT #tmp @num
  SET @num = @num + 1
END


SELECT t.num as [Grade], count(g.Grade) FROM gradeTable g
RIGHT JOIN #tmp t on g.Grade = t.num
GROUP by t.num
ORDER BY 1

SELECT COUNT(grade) FROM table GROUP BY grade ORDER BY grade

Haven't verified it, but it should work.It will not, however, show count for 6s grade, since it's not present in the table at all...