Git history - find lost line by keyword

That may be addressed by the pickaxe (-S) option of gitlog

 git log -SFoo -- path_containing_change

(you can even add a time range: --since=2009.1.1 --until=2010.1.1)

-S<string>

Look for differences that introduce or remove an instance of <string>.
Note that this is different than the string simply appearing in diff output; see the pickaxe entry in gitdiffcore(7) for more details.

diffcore-pickaxe

This transformation is used to find filepairs that represent changes that touch a specified string.
When diffcore-pickaxe is in use, it checks if there are filepairs whose "original" side has the specified string and whose "result" side does not.
Such a filepair represents "the string appeared in this changeset".
It also checks for the opposite case that loses the specified string.

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Update 2014:

Since then, you can do (from nilbus's answer):

git log -p --all -S 'search string'
git log -p --all -G 'match regular expression'

These log commands list commits that add or remove the given search string/regex, (generally) more recent first.
The -p (--patch) option causes the relevant diff to be shown where the pattern was added or removed, so you can see it in context.

Having found a relevant commit that adds the text you were looking for (eg. 8beeff00d), find the branches that contain the commit:

git branch -a --contains 8beeff00d

(I reference that last command in "How to list branches that contain a given commit?")

Worst case scenario, use git bisect and grep?