google play console delete app code example

Example: google play console delete app

No, you can unpublish but once your application has been live on the market you cannot delete it. (Each package name is unique and Google remembers all package names anyway so you could use this a reminder)

The "Delete" button only works for unpublished version of your app. Once you published your app or a particular version of it, you cannot delete it from the Market. However, you can still "unpublish" it. The "Delete" button is only handy when you uploaded a new version, then you realized you goofed and want to remove that new version before publishing it.

A reference

Update, 2016

you can now filter out unpublished or draft apps from your listing.

enter image description here

Unpublish option can be found in the header area, beside PUBLISHED text. Unpublish link

UPDATE 2020

Due to changes in the new play console, the unpublish option was moved to a different location as follows.
Click All Apps in the left pane. Then click the app you want to remove.

Then under the Setup option in the left pane, Click Advanced Settings.

Then under App Availablity on the right, change the status to UnPublished and click Save Changes at the bottom.