How can I add additional Android permissions for my UI test project only?

In short you should add the same android:sharedUserId for both application's manifest and test project's manifest and declare necessary permission for the test project.

This workaround comes from the fact that Android actually assigns permissions to linux user accounts (uids) but not to application themselves (by default every application gets its own uid so it looks like permissions are set per an application).

Applictions that are signed with the same certificate can however share the same uid. As a consequence they have a common set of permissions. For example, I can have application A that requests WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission and application B that requests INTERNET permission. Both A and B are signed by the same certificate (let's say debug one). In AndroidManifest.xml files for A and B android:sharedUserId="test.shared.id" is declared in <manifest> tag. Then both A and B can access network and write to sdcard even though they declare only part of needed permissions because permissions are assigned per uid. Of course, this works only if both A and B are actually installed.

Here is an example of how to set up in case of the test project. The AndroidManifest.xml for application:

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.example.testproject"
    android:versionCode="1"
    android:versionName="1.0"
    android:sharedUserId="com.example.testproject.uid">

    <uses-sdk
        android:minSdkVersion="8"
        android:targetSdkVersion="16" />

    <application
        android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
        android:label="@string/app_name">
        <activity
            android:name="com.example.testproject.MainActivity"
            android:label="@string/app_name" >
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />    
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
    </application>

</manifest>

And the AndroidManifest.xml for a test project

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.example.testproject.test"
    android:sharedUserId="com.example.testproject.uid"
    android:versionCode="1"
    android:versionName="1.0" >

    <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="8" />

    <instrumentation
        android:name="android.test.InstrumentationTestRunner"
        android:targetPackage="com.example.testproject" />

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />

    <application
        android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
        android:label="@string/app_name" >
        <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner" />
    </application>

</manifest>

The drawback of this solution is that the application is able to write to external storage too when test package is installed. If it accidentally writes something to a storage it may remain unnoticed until release when the package will be signed with a different key.

Some additional information about shared UIDs can be found at http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/security/permissions.html#userid.

There is another easy answer.

Set the permission in src/debug/AndroidManifest.xml. If the file doesn't exist, create it.

By default, AndroidTest uses debug as BuildType, so if you define your testing permissions there, then the manifest merging process will add these permissions to your UI test build.

Here is the Manifest with new permissions. Note that I didn't include the package attribute because it will be inherited from lower priority level manifest.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
</manifest>

---

Also, if you want to apply these permissions to a buildType other than debug, then just move your new AndroidManifest.xml to the folder you want, and use this:

android {
   ...
   testBuildType 'release' // or other buildType you might have like 'testUI'
}