How can I convert a string of numbers to an array or vector of integers in Rust?

Safer version. This one skips failed parses so that failed unwrap doesn't panic. Use read_line for reading single line.

let mut buf = String::new();

// use read_line for reading single line 
std::io::stdin().read_to_string(&mut buf).expect("");

// this one skips failed parses so that failed unwrap doesn't panic
let v: Vec<i32> = buf
    .split_whitespace() // split string into words by whitespace
    .filter_map(|w| w.parse().ok()) // calling ok() turns Result to Option so that filter_map can discard None values
    .collect(); // collect items into Vector. This determined by type annotation.

You can even read Vector of Vectors like this.

let stdin = io::stdin();
let locked = stdin.lock();
let vv: Vec<Vec<i32>> = locked.lines()
    .filter_map(
        |l| l.ok().map(
            |s| s.split_whitespace()
                 .filter_map(|word| word.parse().ok())
                 .collect()))
    .collect();

Above one works for inputs like

2 424 -42 124
42 242 23 22 241
24 12 3 232 445

then turns them it into

[[2, 424, -42, 124],
[42, 242, 23, 22, 241],
[24, 12, 3, 232, 445]]

filter_map accepts a closure that returns Option<T> and filters out all Nones.

ok() turns Result<R,E> to Option<R> so that errors can be filtered in this case.

On Rust 1.5.x, a working solution is:

fn main() {
    let mut numbers = String::new();

    io::stdin()
        .read_line(&mut numbers)
        .ok()
        .expect("read error");

    let numbers: Vec<i32> = numbers
        .split_whitespace()
        .map(|s| s.parse().expect("parse error"))
        .collect();

    for num in numbers {
        println!("{}", num);
    }
}

You can do something like this:

use std::io::{self, BufRead};                   // (a)

fn main() {
    let reader = io::stdin();
    let numbers: Vec<i32> = 
        reader.lock()                           // (0)
              .lines().next().unwrap().unwrap() // (1)
              .split(' ').map(|s| s.trim())     // (2)
              .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())        // (3)
              .map(|s| s.parse().unwrap())      // (4)
              .collect();                       // (5)
    println!("{:?}", numbers);
}

First, we take a lock of the stdin which lets you work with stdin as a buffered reader. By default, stdin in Rust is unbuffered; you need to call the lock() method to obtain a buffered version of it, but this buffered version is the only one for all threads in your program, hence the access to it should be synchronized.

Next, we read the next line (1); I'm using the lines() iterator whose next() method returns Option<io::Result<String>>, therefore to obtain just String you need to unwrap() twice.

Then we split it by spaces and trim resulting chunks from extra whitespace (2), remove empty chunks which were left after trimming (3), convert strings to i32s (4) and collect the result to a vector (5).

We also need to import std::io::BufRead trait (a) in order to use the lines() method.

If you know in advance that your input won't contain more than one space between numbers, you can omit step (3) and move the trim() call from (2) to (1):

let numbers: Vec<i32> = 
    reader.lock()
          .lines().next().unwrap().unwrap()
          .trim().split(' ')
          .map(|s| s.parse().unwrap())
          .collect();

Rust also provides a method to split a string into a sequence of whitespace-separated words, called split_whitespace():

let numbers: Vec<i32> =
    reader.read_line().unwrap().as_slice()
        .split_whitespace()
        .map(|s| s.parse().unwrap())
        .collect()

split_whitespace() is in fact just a combination of split() and filter(), just like in my original example. It uses a split() function argument which checks for different kinds of whitespace, not only space characters.