How can I list all updates installed on Mac OS X?

The list of all installed updates is located in /Library/Receipts/InstallHistory.plistif you don't want to use the Software Update preference pane.

System Prefs > Software Update > Installed Software.

Sort by date.

Open the System Information application which can be found in /Applications/Utilities. Then go to Software -> Installations and there you have it.

This solution works on old and new versions of OS X (I've tested it on 10.8.2).