How can I resample a image or imagecollection to a higher resolution in Google Earth Engine Python API

That's because the process of argument assignment in python is different than that of JS.

This part ({'crs': crs,'scale': 10.0}) needs to be replaced with its python equivalent.

Your code should look like:

image_10m = image_30m.resample('bilinear').reproject(crs=crs, scale=10)

Please note that arguments are never to be put in quotes in python.