How do I send a file with FileZilla from the command line?

FileZilla does not have any command line arguments (nor any other way) that allow automatic transfer. See:
Command-line arguments (Client)
https://trac.filezilla-project.org/ticket/2317

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Though you can use any other FTP client that allows automation.

For example, WinSCP:
https://winscp.net/eng/docs/guide_automation

A typical WinSCP script (script.txt) for upload looks like:

open ftp://user:[email protected]/
put c:\files\*.* /home/user/
exit

To run the script use:

WinSCP.com /ini=nul /log=ftp.log /script=script.txt

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The WinSCP can generate a script from an imported FileZilla session.

For details, see the guide to FileZilla automation.

(I'm the author of WinSCP)

You can use Window's built-in FTP client to do this. You don't need FileZilla.

ftp
open *computer_name*
send *local_file* {remote file}