How does libuv compare to Boost/ASIO?
Scope
Boost.Asio is a C++ library that started with a focus on networking, but its asynchronous I/O capabilities have been extended to other resources. Additionally, with Boost.Asio being part of the Boost libraries, its scope is slightly narrowed to prevent duplication with other Boost libraries. For example, Boost.Asio will not provide a thread abstraction, as Boost.Thread already provides one.
On the other hand, libuv is a C library designed to be the platform layer for Node.js. It provides an abstraction for IOCP on Windows, kqueue on macOS, and epoll on Linux. Additionally, it looks as though its scope has increased slightly to include abstractions and functionality, such as threads, threadpools, and inter-thread communication.
At their core, each library provides an event loop and asynchronous I/O capabilities. They have overlap for some of the basic features, such as timers, sockets, and asynchronous operations. libuv has a broader scope, and provides additional functionality, such as thread and synchronization abstractions, synchronous and asynchronous file system operations, process management, etc. In contrast, Boost.Asio's original networking focus surfaces, as it provides a richer set of network related capabilities, such as ICMP, SSL, synchronous blocking and non-blocking operations, and higher-level operations for common tasks, including reading from a stream until a newline is received.
Feature List
Here is the brief side-by-side comparison on some of the major features. Since developers using Boost.Asio often have other Boost libraries available, I have opted to consider additional Boost libraries if they are either directly provided or trivial to implement.
libuv Boost Event Loop: yes Asio Threadpool: yes Asio + Threads Threading: Threads: yes Threads Synchronization: yes Threads File System Operations: Synchronous: yes FileSystem Asynchronous: yes Asio + Filesystem Timers: yes Asio Scatter/Gather I/O[1]: no Asio Networking: ICMP: no Asio DNS Resolution: async-only Asio SSL: no Asio TCP: async-only Asio UDP: async-only Asio Signal: Handling: yes Asio Sending: yes no IPC: UNIX Domain Sockets: yes Asio Windows Named Pipe: yes Asio Process Management: Detaching: yes Process I/O Pipe: yes Process Spawning: yes Process System Queries: CPU: yes no Network Interface: yes no Serial Ports: no yes TTY: yes no Shared Library Loading: yes Extension[2]
1. Scatter/Gather I/O.
2. Boost.Extension was never submitted for review to Boost. As noted here, the author considers it to be complete.
Event Loop
While both libuv and Boost.Asio provide event loops, there are some subtle differences between the two:
- While libuv supports multiple event loops, it does not support running the same loop from multiple threads. For this reason, care needs to be taken when using the default loop (
uv_default_loop()
), rather than creating a new loop (uv_loop_new()
), as another component may be running the default loop. - Boost.Asio does not have the notion of a default loop; all
io_service
are their own loops that allow for multiple threads to run. To support this Boost.Asio performs internal locking at the cost of some performance. Boost.Asio's revision history indicates that there have been several performance improvements to minimize the locking.
Threadpool
- libuv's provides a threadpool through
uv_queue_work
. The threadpool size is configurable via the environment variableUV_THREADPOOL_SIZE
. The work will be executed outside of the event loop and within the threadpool. Once the work is completed, the completion handler will be queued to run within the event loop. - While Boost.Asio does not provide a threadpool, the
io_service
can easily function as one as a result ofio_service
allowing multiple threads to invokerun
. This places the responsibility of thread management and behavior to the user, as can be seen in this example.
Threading and Synchronization
- libuv provides an abstraction to threads and synchronization types.
- Boost.Thread provides a thread and synchronization types. Many of these types follow closely to the C++11 standard, but also provide some extensions. As a result of Boost.Asio allowing multiple threads to run a single event loop, it provides strands as a means to create a sequential invocation of event handlers without using explicit locking mechanisms.
File System Operations
- libuv provides an abstraction to many file system operations. There is one function per operation, and each operation can either be synchronous blocking or asynchronous. If a callback is provided, then the operation will be executed asynchronously within an internal threadpool. If a callback is not provided, then the call will be synchronous blocking.
- Boost.Filesystem provides synchronous blocking calls for many file system operations. These can be combined with Boost.Asio and a threadpool to create asynchronous file system operations.
Networking
- libuv supports asynchronous operations on UDP and TCP sockets, as well as DNS resolution. Application developers should be aware that the underlying file descriptors are set to non-blocking. Therefore, native synchronous operations should check return values and errno for
EAGAIN
orEWOULDBLOCK
. - Boost.Asio is a bit more rich in its networking support. In addition many of the features libuv's networking provides, Boost.Asio supporting SSL and ICMP sockets. Furthermore, Boost.Asio provides synchronous blocking and synchronous non-blocking operations, into addition to its asynchronous operations. There are numerous free standing functions that provide common higher-level operations, such as reading a set amount of bytes, or until a specified delimiter character is read.
Signal
- libuv provides an abstraction
kill
and signal handling with itsuv_signal_t
type anduv_signal_*
operations. - Boost.Asio does not provde an abstraction to
kill
, but itssignal_set
provides signal handling.
IPC
- libuv abstracts Unix domain sockets and Windows named pipes through a single
uv_pipe_t
type. - Boost.Asio separates the two into
local::stream_protocol::socket
orlocal::datagram_protocol::socket
, andwindows::stream_handle
.
API Differences
While the APIs are different based on the language alone, here are a few key differences:
Operation and Handler Association
Within Boost.Asio, there is a one-to-one mapping between an operation and a handler. For instance, each async_write
operation will invoke the WriteHandler once. This is true for many of libuv operations and handlers. However, libuv's uv_async_send
supports a many-to-one mapping. Multiple uv_async_send
calls may result in the uv_async_cb being called once.
Call Chains vs. Watcher Loops
When dealing with task, such as reading from a stream/UDP, handling signals, or waiting on timers, Boost.Asio's asynchronous call chains are a bit more explicit. With libuv, a watcher is created to designate interests in a particular event. A loop is then started for the watcher, where a callback is provided. Upon receiving the event of interests, the callback will be invoked. On the other hand, Boost.Asio requires an operation to be issued each time the application is interested in handling the event.
To help illustrate this difference, here is an asynchronous read loop with Boost.Asio, where the async_receive
call will be issued multiple times:
void start()
{
socket.async_receive( buffer, handle_read ); ----.
} |
.----------------------------------------------'
| .---------------------------------------.
V V |
void handle_read( ... ) |
{ |
std::cout << "got data" << std::endl; |
socket.async_receive( buffer, handle_read ); --'
}
And here is the same example with libuv, where handle_read
is invoked each time the watcher observes that the socket has data:
uv_read_start( socket, alloc_buffer, handle_read ); --.
|
.-------------------------------------------------'
|
V
void handle_read( ... )
{
fprintf( stdout, "got data\n" );
}
Memory Allocation
As a result of the asynchronous call chains in Boost.Asio and the watchers in libuv, memory allocation often occurs at different times. With watchers, libuv defers allocation until after it receives an event that requires memory to handle. The allocation is done through a user callback, invoked internal to libuv, and defers deallocation responsibility of the application. On the other hand, many of the Boost.Asio operations require that the memory be allocated before issuing the asynchronous operation, such as the case of the buffer
for async_read
. Boost.Asio does provide null_buffers
, that can be used to listen for an event, allowing applications to defer memory allocation until memory is needed, although this is deprecated.
This memory allocation difference also presents itself within the bind->listen->accept
loop. With libuv, uv_listen
creates an event loop that will invoke the user callback when a connection is ready to be accepted. This allows the application to defer the allocation of the client until a connection is being attempted. On the other hand, Boost.Asio's listen
only changes the state of the acceptor
. The async_accept
listens for the connection event, and requires the peer to be allocated before being invoked.
Performance
Unfortunately, I do not have any concrete benchmark numbers to compare libuv and Boost.Asio. However, I have observed similar performance using the libraries in real-time and near-real-time applications. If hard numbers are desired, libuv's benchmark test may serve as a starting point.
Additionally, while profiling should be done to identify actual bottlenecks, be aware of memory allocations. For libuv, the memory allocation strategy is primarily limited to the allocator callback. On the other hand, Boost.Asio's API does not allow for an allocator callback, and instead pushes the allocation strategy to the application. However, the handlers/callbacks in Boost.Asio may be copied, allocated, and deallocated. Boost.Asio allows for applications to provide custom memory allocation functions in order to implement a memory allocation strategy for handlers.
Maturity
Boost.Asio
Asio's development dates back to at least OCT-2004, and it was accepted into Boost 1.35 on 22-MAR-2006 after undergoing a 20-day peer review. It also served as the reference implementation and API for Networking Library Proposal for TR2. Boost.Asio has a fair amount of documentation, although its usefulness varies from user to user.
The API also have a fairly consistent feel. Additionally, the asynchronous operations are explicit in the operation's name. For example, accept
is synchronous blocking and async_accept
is asynchronous. The API provides free functions for common I/O task, for instance, reading from a stream until a \r\n
is read. Attention has also been given to hide some network specific details, such as the ip::address_v4::any()
representing the "all interfaces" address of 0.0.0.0
.
Finally, Boost 1.47+ provides handler tracking, which can prove to be useful when debugging, as well as C++11 support.
libuv
Based on their github graphs, Node.js's development dates back to at least FEB-2009, and libuv's development dates to MAR-2011. The uvbook is a great place for a libuv introduction. The API documentation is here.
Overall, the API is fairly consistent and easy to use. One anomaly that may be a source of confusion is that uv_tcp_listen
creates a watcher loop. This is different than other watchers that generally have a uv_*_start
and uv_*_stop
pair of functions to control the life of the watcher loop. Also, some of the uv_fs_*
operations have a decent amount of arguments (up to 7). With the synchronous and asynchronous behavior being determined on the presence of a callback (the last argument), the visibility of the synchronous behavior can be diminished.
Finally, a quick glance at the libuv commit history shows that the developers are very active.
Ok. I have some experience in using both libraries and can clearify some things.
First, from a conceptual view-point these libraries are quite different in design. They have different architectures, because they are of different scale. Boost.Asio is a large networking library aimed to be used with TCP/UDP/ICMP protocols, POSIX, SSL and so on. Libuv is just a layer for cross-platform abstraction of IOCP for Node.js, predominantly. So libuv is functionally a subset of Boost.Asio (common features only TCP/UDP Sockets threads,timers). Being that the case, we can compare these libraries using only few criteria:
- Integration with Node.js - Libuv is considerably better because it is aimed for this (we can fully integrate it and use in all aspects, for instance, cloud e.g. windows azure). But Asio also implements almost the same functionality as in Node.js event queue driven environment.
- IOCP Performance - I couldn't see great differencies, because both these libraries abstract underlying OS API. But they do it in a different way: Asio heavily uses C++ features such as templates and sometimes TMP. Libuv is a native C-library. But nevertheless Asio realisation of IOCP is very efficient. UDP sockets in Asio are not good enough it is better to use libuv for them.
Integration with new C++ features: Asio is better (Asio 1.51 extensively use C++11 asynchronous model, move semantics, variadic templates).In regard to maturity, Asio is a more stable and mature project with good documentation (if compare it to libuv headers description), a lot of information across the Internet (video talks, blogs: http://www.gamedev.net/blog/950/entry-2249317-a-guide-to-getting-started-with-boostasio?pg=1 ,etc.) and even books (not for professionals but nevertheless: http://en.highscore.de/cpp/boost/index.html ). Libuv has only one online book (but also good) http://nikhilm.github.com/uvbook/index.html and several video talks, so it will be difficult to know all the secrets (this library has a lot of them). For more specific discussion of functions see my comments below.
As conclusion, I should said that it all depends on your purposes, your project and what concretely you intend to do.
One huge difference is the author of Asio (Christopher Kohlhoff) is grooming his library for inclusion in the C++ Standard Library, see http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2007/n2175.pdf and http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2015/n4370.html