How to calculate Internet checksum?

If by internet checksum you mean TCP Checksum there's a good explination here and even some code.

When you're calculating the checksum remember that it's not just a function of the data but also of the "pseudo header" which puts the source IP, dest IP, protocol, and length of the TCP packet into the data to be checksummed. This ties the tcp meta-data to some data in the IP header.

TCP/IP Illustrated Vol 1 is a good reference for this and explains it all in detail.

It uses addition, hence the name "sum". 10101001 + 00111001 = 11100010.

For example:

+------------+-----+----+----+----+---+---+---+---+--------+
| bin value  | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | result |
+------------+-----+----+----+----+---+---+---+---+--------+
| value 1    |   1 |  0 |  1 |  0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |    169 |
| value 2    |   0 |  0 |  1 |  1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |     57 |
| sum/result |   1 |  1 |  1 |  0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |    226 |
+------------+-----+----+----+----+---+---+---+---+--------+