How to install GRUB on a new drive?

I'm not a grub2 expert (sorry) but try adding --skip-fs-probe to your grub-install line, I have found this prevents creation of /boot/grub/device.map which can cause booting to a grub prompt. I think that without this parameter grub-install, instead of doing what you tell it, thinks it is cleverer than you, and may do something different.

Another thing is to be sure you are using the right grub-install (i.e. for grub2 and not for original grub). This isn't a problem if you are inside Centos but with SystemRecoveryCD both versions are available and so you have to use grub2-install. I learned the hard way...

And as @wurtel pointed out (kudos), you should specify a drive not a partition. Grub2 installs in sector 0 of the whole disk drive, and this 'stub' is what runs at boot time, but it needs to know whereabouts on the disk it should install the files for the next stage of booting - this is what the --root-directory parameter is for. (I think.)

Reading man grub-install and googling I see that --root-directory is not really meant to be used for grub2 versions 1.99++, though it does work in my experience. You are meant to use --boot-directory and refer to the actual boot directory, so this would give you:

grub-install /dev/sdb --skip-fs-probe --boot-directory=/media/new_drive/boot

This is how I moved a Debian installation consisting of a boot partition /boot and a root partition / to a new drive and made it bootable using GNU GRUB:

Clone partitions

• Using the GParted live CD, create the boot and root partition on the new drive.
• Using a root console in GParted, mount the old boot partition (let's say it's /dev/sda1) and the new partition (/dev/sdb1): mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/oldBoot && mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/newBoot
• Copy the data from the old boot partition to the new one: cp -afv /mnt/oldBoot /mnt/newBoot. Explanation of cp -afv:
  • a stands for "archive" which means:
    • don't dereference links
    • copy recursively (like -R)
    • preserve all attributes (timestamp, owner, permission)
  • f: force, if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again
  • v: verbose, explain what is being done
• This will generate some output on your console showing you which file is currently copied and whether cp makes progress
• Mount and copy the files from your old root partition to the new one:
  • For safety: umount /mnt/oldBoot && umount /mnt/newBoot
  • Mount the old and the new root partition (assuming it's /dev/sda2 and /dev/sdb2): mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/oldRoot && mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt/newRoot
  • Copy the data of the old root partition to the new root partition: cp -afv /mnt/oldRoot /mnt/newRoot
• Edit the filesystem table that defines which partitions are mounted on boot (I'll use Vim for that):

  • vi /etc/fstab

  • You'll notice that your old partitions are referenced here. Use the UUIDs of the new partitions instead

  • You can temporarily insert all UUIDs into fstab for easier copy and pasting with :r !blkid

  • Use the UUIDs of your new partitions to change the entries in fstab. They should look something like this:

     `# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
     # Root partition
     UUID=76fd1ffd-fb96-4ab4-be1a-42f8e9223983 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
     # Boot partition
     UUID=e560e29e-8752-4b83-b1ee-4b86c0009f0b /boot ext2 defaults 0 2`
    

    • Remove the output of blkid from fstab that you inserted earlier with :r !blkid

Install GRUB

• Mount the virtual filesystems of the GParted live CD:

  mount --bind /dev /mnt/newRoot/dev mount --bind /proc /mnt/newRoot/proc mount --bind /sys /mnt/newRoot/sys

• Make the GRUB utilites of the GParted live CD available to the root partition: mount --bind /usr/ /mnt/newRoot/usr

• Mount the boot partition onto the root partition since GRUB will store its configuration in /boot: mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/newRoot/boot

• Use chroot /mnt/newRoot to make the new root partition temporarily the root of the filesystem

• Create a GRUB config file at /boot/grub/grub.cfg using update-grub2

• Install GRUB on the new drive: grub-install /dev/sdb. You mustn't specify a partition number here

• Return to the filesystem of the GParted live CD: exit

• Unmount partitions: umount /mnt/newRoot/*

• Shutdown machine

• If you have multiple drives attached, make sure the newer drive comes first in the boot order

• Start machine

These instructions are inspired by those of oaktreepeak.com.

Alternatively, you can give Clonezilla a try to achieve the same.