Apple - How to make TextEdit open with a blank file by default?
If you don't want to disable syncing documents and data, run
defaults write -g NSShowAppCentricOpenPanelInsteadOfUntitledFile -bool false
and quit and reopen TextEdit to apply the changes.
To restore (thanks to comments run)
defaults delete -g NSShowAppCentricOpenPanelInsteadOfUntitledFile
To set this for TextEdit only (thanks to comment by gklka)
defaults write com.apple.TextEdit NSShowAppCentricOpenPanelInsteadOfUntitledFile -bool false
System Prefrences > iCloud > iCloud Drive ( Options ) > uncheck textEdit
Go to System Preferences > iCloud > uncheck "Documents & Data" from the sync list.