In linux, what do all the values in the "top" command mean?

You can use the command man top to look up the states:

D = uninterruptible sleep
I = idle
R = running
S = sleeping
T = stopped by job control signal
t = stopped by debugger during trace
Z = zombie

The man page says what the state codes are mapped to, but not what they actually mean. From the top man page:

'D' = uninterruptible sleep
'R' = running
'S' = sleeping
'T' = traced or stopped
'Z' = zombie

'R' is the easiest; the process is ready to run, and will run whenever its turn to use the CPU comes.

'S' and 'D' are two sleep states, where the process is waiting for something to happen. The difference is that 'S' can be interrupted by a signal, while 'D' cannot (it is usually seen when the process is waiting for the disk).

'T' is a state where the process is stopped, usually via SIGSTOP or SIGTSTP. It can also be stopped by a debugger (ptrace). When you see that state, it usually is because you used Ctrl+ Z to put a command on the background.

'Z' is a state where the process is dead (it has finished its execution), and the only thing left is the structure describing it on the kernel. It is waiting for its parent process to retrieve its exit code, and not much more. After its parent process is finished with it, it will disappear.