Is it harmful to a laptop to put it near or above a wireless phone charger?

No. This should not damage your laptop or any other non-Wireless charging device you place on it.

Wireless charging uses a very low power detection mechanism and only switches to a higher power field for charging once a wireless charging device has been detected and has negotiated with the transmitter.

Your laptop, lacking the charging circuitry, will not negotiate with the charger and so will not trigger the higher power charging phase.

The page Wireless Electricity Transmission from the Wireless Power Consortium explains a lot, though this image in particular shows setup and power negotiation without which the field strength will be far below anything that could damage components.

The penultimate image on that page shows that the transmitter could be working to actively detect a charging coil, but in the example the power is 3 orders of magnitude less (5mW vs 5W) to check for possible receiver coil presence than to actually provide full power. Your laptop, lacking an inductive coil, will almost certainly still not trigger the resonance (inductive coil) check phase, though it may briefly trigger the initial capacitance check phase. This will still not be enough power being radiated to do any damage whatsoever and the charger should quickly fall back to its standby and detect mode.

Without these low power active-detection mechanisms we would be radiating away enormous amounts of power from wireless chargers, something that is unacceptable in this day where everything is being geared towards minimising energy footprints.