Is it possible to get the current spark context settings in PySpark?

Yes: sc.getConf().getAll()

Which uses the method:

SparkConf.getAll()

as accessed by

SparkContext.sc.getConf()

See it in action:

    In [4]: sc.getConf().getAll()
    Out[4]:
    [(u'spark.master', u'local'),
     (u'spark.rdd.compress', u'True'),
     (u'spark.serializer.objectStreamReset', u'100'),
     (u'spark.app.name', u'PySparkShell')]

Spark 2.1+

spark.sparkContext.getConf().getAll() where spark is your sparksession (gives you a dict with all configured settings)

Spark 1.6+

sc.getConf.getAll.foreach(println)