Is it possible to remove an empty white page due to inserting a too large picture?

You can do it, but there are better ways to do it:

\documentclass[a5paper,11pt]{book}
\usepackage[french]{babel}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[top=0cm,bottom=0cm,inner=0cm,outer=0cm]{geometry}
\usepackage{calc}

\begin{document}

\noindent
\begingroup
\maxdepth=\maxdimen % accept any depth
\raisebox{\topskip-\height}[0pt][\height-\topskip]{%
  \makebox[\textwidth][l]{%
    \includegraphics[width=2\textwidth,height=2\textheight]{example-image}%
  }%
}%
\endgroup
\end{document}

I emulated a very big picture by setting the width and height to twice the dimensions. What you need to do is making TeX see dimensions compatible with the text block size.

Maybe your aim is to fill the first page with a picture; in this case atbegshi is much easier to use.

\documentclass[a5paper,11pt]{book}
\usepackage[french]{babel}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{atbegshi}
\usepackage{lipsum}

\AtBeginShipoutNext{%
  \AtBeginShipoutUpperLeft{%
    \put(0,0){%
      \raisebox{-\height}{%
        \includegraphics[width=2\paperwidth,height=2\paperheight]{example-image}%
      }%
    }%
  }%
}

\begin{document}

\mbox{}\clearpage % produce an empty page

\lipsum[1-2]

\end{document}