Is there a central limit theorem for bounded non identically distributed random variables?

For your first question, the answer is yes, and I don't understand why it isn't better known since all the classical proofs of the central limit theorem generalize easily to that setting. See this section of the Wikipedia page on the central limit theorem.

Added: I overstated slightly, since the classical proofs don't easily generalize to give the most general conditions. But in the OP's setting, as coudy points out, Lindeberg's condition implies that it's enough to have $\sigma(S_n) \to \infty$ (whereas if the $X_i$ were identically distributed we would of course have $\sigma(S_n) = \sqrt{n}\sigma(X)$).

For your second question, even under uniform boundedness, $c_n$ only goes to zero like $n^{-1/2}$ in general. See for example this paper.

Theorem (Billingsley, "probability and measure", example 27.4)

Let X_i a sequence of independent, uniformly bounded random variables with zero mean, such that $\sigma(S_n)$ goes to infinity with n. Then $S_n/\sigma(S_n)$ converges in law to the normalized Laplace-Gauss distribution.

This follows from the Lindeberg triangular array theorem. As pointed out in the other answers, the convergence can be slow. The Bernstein inequality may be used to bound the tail. Under the assumption of the previous theorem, for all n, we have

$$P(S_n>t) \leq exp(-t^2/(\sigma^2(S_n)+Ct/3))$$

where C is a bound for the |X_i|'s.

There is an entire book on concentration inequalities that goes well beyond the iid normal case. Loosely speaking, any collection of variables satisfying some kind of Lipschitz property will have exponential tails that can often lead to a CLT-type form. Azuma's inequality is one example covered in the book.