Is this a bug in Apex Compiler?

It looks like you've caused a gack.

What you are looking at is what we call a GACK. A gack is our blue screen of death, our frowny Mac icon, our “the number you have reached is no longer in service”, our “Jedediah has died of dysentery”. A gack is what happens when an error got thrown within our application and we didn’t catch it and handle it.

What this means is that it’s not your fault. It’s ours. That’s why we apologize in that message. Sorry!

This friendly message is the above-water portion of a huge iceberg of functionality. The numbers you see are part of an elaborate system for efficiently bringing these events to the attention of R&D. This post will help you understand that system, and how you can help us in getting you running safely. (Hint: steer away from icebergs.)

Despite what the above says, you can very well cause a gack- this is a great example. They're harder to debug than the average error, and can be caused by just about anything that forces an operation that should never happen.

This is a bug in your code. Class structure is irrelevant. The constructor can essentially be rewritten:

String value = [SELECT Id, Name FROM Account].Name;
Map<String,Account> mapAccount = new Map<String,Account> (value);

Or basically it's the same as:

Map<String,Account> mapAccount = new Map<String,Account> ('Some Account Name');

Of course this code will not compile. Even if it did, the code you wrote would almost certainly fail at run time (unless your instance has exactly one Account record in it). Perhaps the compiler should be able to decipher the problem, but in this case the code is just causing a glitch somewhere.

After a bit of testing, it seems that almost any non-list type passed to the Map<ID, sObject> will throw a GACK, while List types are correctly type-checked and issue a compiler error if the type does not match the sObject value type. This includes set, but not map, probably because they will use the copy constructor instead. This only applies if the key of the map is either an ID or String, and the value is an sObject type - any other combination of key and value will issue a compiler warning if an incompatible type is passed, probably because they default to the copy constructor instead of the list constructor.